Chronic venous outflow obstruction: An important cause of chronic venous disease

Chronic venous outflow obstruction is a significant cause of chronic venous disease and therefore chronic morbidity. When conservative measures fail, intervention through deep venous reconstructive techniques should be considered. Referral should be considered in all patients with features of chronic venous disease that are life-affecting. Imaging relies primarily on duplex ultrasonography, supplemented by computed tomographic and magnetic resonance venography, and intraoperatively by intravascular ultrasonography. Intervention is primary endovenous, using angioplasty and stenting. Open surgical procedures are used in very select patients.

Chronic venous insufficiency

a, Phlebography shows post-thrombotic obstruction of the left

Graduated compression stockings

Percutaneous transvenous stent implantation to external iliac vein

Chung Sim Lim's research works Royal Free London NHS Foundation

Suggested classification of hepatic venous outflow obstruction.

Diagnosis of Iliac Vein Obstruction With Duplex Ultrasound - Endovascular Today

Hepatic Imaging in Neonates and Young Infants: State of the Art

Symptoms of Venous Insufficiency - Delaware Vein Center

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Chronic Venous Insufficiency - Venous Care